Low Fluoride Regulates Macrophage Polarization Through Mitochondrial Autophagy Mediated by PINK1/Parkin Axis.

Conversely, LC3II expression exhibited an increasing trend in the fluoride treatment groups, peaking significantly in the 25 mg/L NaF-treated group ( p < 0.05) ( Figure 4 D,E).

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The results showed that the proportion of M0 macrophages (CD68+) increased in all the fluoride treatment groups compared to the control group, with significant increases observed in the 10 mg/L and 25 mg/L NaF-treated groups ( p < 0.05), while a decreasing trend was noted in the high fluoride-treated group ( Figure 3 B).

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