Clinical and research implications of the findings of the Tanzania 2022 Population and Housing Census for the development and suitability of neuropsychological tests for older adults in Tanzania.

While sex differences in cognitive impairment in older adults are attributed to longer life spans and lower educational attainment in women [ 3 ], other inherent sex-based mechanisms [ 32 ] (changes in sex hormone signalling, risk genes, immune responses) and variations in dementia risk factors [ 34 ] (including cardiovascular risk factors, depression, and physical activity) may be significant risk determinants for older women [ 3 ].

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