Real-World Effectiveness of Triple Extrafine Fixed-Dose Combination with Beclomethasone/Formoterol/Glycopyrronium on Symptoms and Lung Function in COPD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis · 2025 · PMC12126143 · PMID 40453981

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0670

closest p · 1.3× alpha

0.0910

boldest claim

The sentences

a trend toward significanceP = 0.067so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Meta-regression analysis on the effect of BDP/FF/G FDC on FEV 1 expressed as % predicted identified smoking habit as a significant effect modifier (coefficient 0.160, P < 0.05), with current smokers showing a greater treatment effect than non-smokers and reported a trend toward significance for male sex (coefficient 0.172, P = 0.067).

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a trend towards significanceP = 0.091so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

showed a trendP = 0.091so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The meta-regression analysis revealed that no factors, including study duration, significantly (P > 0.05) modified the effectiveness of BDP/FF/G FDC on CAT scores; only the use of multiple-inhaler triple therapy (MITT) at baseline showed a trend towards significance (coefficient 0.034, P = 0.091; Figure 3B ).

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