Social bonding between humans, animals, and robots: Dogs outperform AIBOs, their robotic replicas, as social companions.

The planned follow-up comparisons of the Partner types using estimated means adjusted for Openness and hormonal state revealed non-significant differences at the Begin ( t 1 (8) = 0.857, p 1 = .416) and Middle ( t 2 (8) = -1.295, p 2 = .231) but a marginally significant difference at the End ( t 3 (7) = -2.193, p 3 = .064) of the bonding phase ( Fig 4 ).

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Therefore, the increasing difference in sessional OXT release over time between the types of bonding partners crucially supports our overall hypothesis, showing that a positive trend in sessional OXT release developed over time for dogs but not for AIBOs.

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