Global burden of kidney cancer attributable to smoking: A systematic analysis of the 1990-2021 global burden of disease study.

Prev Med Rep · 2025 · PMC12135435 · PMID 40469255

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Deaths, DALYs, and YLLs demonstrated a decreasing trend after 1994.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Regarding SDI quintiles, from 1990 to 2021, middle and low-middle-SDI regions showed an increasing trend in ASRs for all indicators, with the most substantial increase in middle-SDI regions.

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