Global mismatch between ecosystem service supply and demand driven by climate change and human activity.

Among them, the changes in the supply–demand ratios for food production, carbon sequestration, and water yield were similar, with an increasing trend from 2000 to 2009 and a decreasing trend from 2009 to 2020, with a relatively flat change from 2012 to 2019 ( Fig. 3 a, b, d).

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Approximately 35.04 % of regions showed an increasing trend in food production demand, with 23.18 % exhibiting a significant increase, concentrated in densely populated areas such as Asia and East Africa.

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