Over 90% of cases were sporadic while the prevalence of PD has been on an increasing trend over the past 40 years, with the most increase after 2003–2004 [ 3 ], which is mainly related to increased exposure to environmental factors including microplastics, Cu, Mn, paraquat, trichloroethylene, etc [ 4 ].
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Polystyrene nanoplastics trigger pyroptosis in dopaminergic neurons through TSC2/TFEB-mediated disruption of autophagosome-lysosome fusion in Parkinson's disease.
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