Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: ACEs in ACHD.

As the ACHD population grows in number with extended life expectancy, we can anticipate an increasing trend in acquired heart disease leading to significant morbidity and mortality. 39 , 40 Due to the strong associations between ACEs and acquired cardiometabolic conditions, 20 , 41 alongside complications from lifelong CHD, individuals with ACHD and a history of ACEs may represent a vulnerable population in terms of poor outcomes, worsened quality of life, and increased health care needs.

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