The effects of Astragalus, Epimedium, and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract on the antioxidant capacity, and immune status of goslings under stress conditions.

Data were presented as mean ±SD, and differences between treatments were considered statistically significant when p < 0.05 and highly significant when p < 0.01.

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Compared to the control group, Simpson and Shannon indices of goslings under stress showed a decreasing trend, indicating a decrease in species richness and abundance, which to some extent was restored after AEF and AEF + LP treatment ( Figure 5F ).

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When treated with AEF and AEF + LP, goslings exhibit a decreasing trend in pH at 45 minutes and an increasing trend at 24 hours, significantly alleviating the exacerbation of drip loss caused by stress and improving meat quality.

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