Adaptive landscapes unveil the complex evolutionary path from sprawling to upright forelimb function and posture in mammals.

Contrary to expectations that synapsids would follow a consistently optimal path toward a more therian morphology, our results based on reconstructed landscapes for major nodes show statistically significant fluctuations in optimality across the major synapsid groups (with marginally non-significant effects of centroid size; RPPP ANOVA, p < 0.05, see S7 Table ).

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