Global Trends in Risk Factors for Low Back Pain: An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study Data From 1990 to 2021.

Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) · 2025 · PMC12209496 · PMID 40051120

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

In high SDI areas, the number of YLDs that can be attributed to smoking is a decreasing trend that has been occurring since 2011, and the percentage of YLDs caused by LBP as a proportion of total YLDs and the rate of YLDs per 100,000 that can be attributed to smoking has decreased globally since 1990, demonstrating the success that global policy can have in modifying behavior.

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