Inflammatory Proteins Mediate the Effect of Gut Microbiota on Graves' Ophthalmopathy: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

1 The prevalence of GO varies by gender, race, and geographical location and shows an increasing trend worldwide due to population aging and environmental changes. 2 , 3 GO is strongly associated with thyroid autoimmune disorders, namely Graves’ disease (GD), with 80% to 90% of GO occurring in patients with hyperthyroidism. 4 The typical natural course of GO involves an initial acute inflammatory ph

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There may be significant differences in genetic background, environmental factors (such as diet, lifestyle), and disease characteristics between the two populations, which may lead to inconsistent effects of the instrumental variables (genetic variants) in the MR analysis, thereby affecting the accuracy of causal inference.

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