a nonsignificant trendp = 0.32
Interestingly, when comparing GPNMB levels across different disease stages within the same cognitive status groups, we observed a nonsignificant trend toward higher levels in patients with advanced-stage PD than in patients with early-stage PD (PD-NC: 24.21 ± 0.82 vs. 25.77 ± 1.48, p = 0.32; PD-CI: 30.22 ± 0.93 vs. 31.16 ± 1.42, p = 0.56).