25(OH)vitamin D inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in healthy Holstein cows and cows with peri-partum diseases during the transition period.

Other studies also reported a decreasing trend in IgG levels from weeks four to five before calving 49 , 50 .

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Statistical significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05, and 0.05 < P < 0.10 indicated a trend toward significance.

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Additionally, the IgG levels tended toward significance one week before calving and three weeks after calving, with lower levels in diseased cows.

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