Temporal ambient air temperature details complied from the India Meteorological Department ( https://mausam.imd.gov.in/ ) monitoring stations in Bangalore reveal that ambient temperature has shown an increasing trend with the alteration in landscape structure with an increase in paved surfaces (buildings, roads, etc.) and decline of natural porous surfaces (vegetation, lakes, etc.): 16 °C (Paved surfaces: 1.14%, Porous surfaces: 98.22%), to 18 °C (Paved surfaces: 7.97%, Porous surfaces: 92.03%), 19 °C (Paved surfaces: 27.3%, Porous surfaces: 72.7%), 21 °C (Paved surfaces: 37.4%, Porous surfaces: 62.26%), 28 °C (Paved surfaces: 54.42%, Porous surfaces: 45.58%) and 34 °C (Paved surfaces: 87.65%, Porous surfaces: 12.36%), which conform to LST dynamics with alteration in urban morphology (Figs. 3 and 4 ).
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