Variations in Vertical Distributions of O<sub>3</sub>, Its Precursors, and Formation Sensitivity in Beijing, China, Based on Ground-Based Remote Sensing.

In China, O 3 concentrations remain persistently high, and even exhibit an increasing trend in urban areas of the North China Plain , despite the implementation of a series of policies aimed at reducing pollutant emissions by local governments over the past decade. , Extensive research has been conducted on the evolution and underlying mechanisms of O 3 pollution based on observations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), − chemical transport model simulations, and other methods. , However, previous studies have primarily focused on the near-surface layer, with limited investigation within the whole boundary layer.

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