Are extensions in paid parental leave associated with lower infant and neonatal mortality in Latin American cities? Evidence from 148 cities in Chile, Mexico, and Colombia (2000-2015).

Compared to the baseline period, a marginally significant 2 % acceleration of the already declining trend (a 2 % steeper decline) in infant mortality was observed in Chilean cities one year after the second extension in paid maternity leave (resulting in overall 126 days extension in paid maternity leave) and the introduction of paid paternity leave (5 days) in 2011, after accounting for changes in city socioeconomic characteristics [IMRR: 0.98, 95 %CI: 0.96, 1.00] ( Fig. 1 and Table B1 , Appendix B ).

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