highly significantp < 0.001
In phase 1, the assumption of homogeneity of variances was breached (F = 10.094, p = 0.002), and the modified t -test revealed a highly significant disparity, t(66.547) = 4.256, p < 0.001, with a mean difference of 166.76 (95% CI: 88.53 to 244.98).