highly significantp < 0.001
In the statistical comparative analyses, all calculations yielded highly significant values ( p < 0.001), including (1) an ANOVA for all three needle types across all of the individual measurements; (2) Mann–Whitney U-tests for each needle type between out-of-plane and in-plane punctures (both with and without readjustment); and (3) Mann–Whitney U-tests between conditions with and without readjustment using either puncture technique (out-of-plane or in-plane punctures) for each needle type.