Association of antimicrobial consumption with <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> incidence across the departments of an academic medical centre.

Breaking down the total antibiotic consumption to each of the study antibiotics and antibiotic groups, a marginal trend ( P -values for slope), suggesting correlation with CDI incidence, was seen for carbapenems (IRR 1.25, 95% CI (1.11, 1.42), P =0.003), ceftriaxone (IRR 1.14 (1.02, 1.28), P =0.04), cefepime (IRR 1.10 (1.05, 1.15, P <0.001), macrolides (IRR 1.24 (1.14, 1.35), P <0.001) and piperacillin/tazobactam (IRR 1.09 (1.02, 1.17), P =0.03) ( Figure S3 ).

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Incidence of CDI varied between 5.0 (2021) and 9.8 (2009) episodes/10,000 patient-days, but a decreasing trend could be observed from 2008 to 2021, in line with a slight decrease in antibiotic consumption ( Figure S2 ).

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