Spatiotemporal analysis of atmospheric aerosols in African environments using MERRA-2 data (1980-2024): Impacts on climate extremes.

65 Heatwave index (HWI) and heatwave severity index (HWSI) both show a decreasing trend, with HWI declining from −12.28 to −30.54, and HWSI from −169.87 to −47.08 with the decrease suggesting that while the frequency of heatwaves is increasing, the severity of individual heatwaves is decreasing, as frequent heatwaves can still strain public health systems and infrastructure. 66 The pr

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5 , PM 1 , and PM 10 have remained relatively stable with a slightly increasing trend over the years.

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HW Freq, which is the frequency of heatwave events, also shows an increasing trend, as 1980 was 6, but by 2024 it increased to 59.

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