Asymmetry in the retention of content and surface linguistic information during reading in L1 and L2.

Front Psychol · 2025 · PMC12284798 · PMID 40703732

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hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0960

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

Separate analyses revealed that the effect of Condition was highly significant in L1 ( F (1, 1939.5) = 23.8, p < 0.001), but there was no such effect in L2 ( F (1, 1939.5) = 1.35, p = 0.246).

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a marginal trendp = 0.096so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Statistical analyses (see Table 2 for details) revealed a main effect of Condition ( F (1, 61.4) = 10.81, p = 0.002) and a marginal trend for Language ( F (1, 126.0) = 2.81, p = 0.096).

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