highly significantp < 1 × 10 −14
PERMDISP analyses revealed significant within‐group variability at both class and ASV levels (bacteria: F = 8.98, p < 0.001; fungi: F = 7.59, p = 0.014; bacterial ASVs: F = 67.93, p = 0.000; fungal ASVs: F = 10.12, p < 0.001), while posthoc PERMANOVA confirmed highly significant temporal shifts, particularly in fungal classes and ASVs ( p < 1 × 10 −14 ) (Tables S2 and S3 ).