Comparative Analysis of Diel and Circadian Eclosion Rhythms and Clock Gene Expression Between Sexes in the Migratory Moth <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>.

A highly significant difference was found when comparing eclosion distributions between pooled LD and DD conditions for both females ( p < 0.001) and males ( p < 0.001), indicating a marked shift in timing and pattern under constant darkness, consistent with a circadian-driven free-running period.

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The marginal difference detected by the M–W, as well as the two-sample K–S test under LD conditions may reflect a slight trend in median eclosion times, likely influenced by the higher frequency of male eclosion during the daytime ( Figure 2 A and Figure 3 ).

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