Annealing-Driven Modifications in ZnO Nanorod Thin Films and Their Impact on NO<sub>2</sub> Sensing Performance.

In contrast, the oxygen vacancy-related signal (O-deficient) showed an increasing trend after initial annealing, rising from 43.3% in the pristine sample to 64.25% at 400 °C, before declining slightly to 56.8% at 500 °C.

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