Global burden trends of tension-type headache, 1990-2021: socio-demographic patterns, age-period-cohort effects, and frontier analysis from the GBD 2021 study.

Front Neurol · 2025 · PMC12308845 · PMID 40740841

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hedged sentences

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

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boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantp < 0.001actually significant

The statistical tests for net drift ( Supplementary Table S6 ) were highly significant ( p < 0.001) for all three measures, confirming a real decreasing trend in TTH burden globally.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

TTH burden shows an increasing trend in middle SDI regions A key finding of this study is that while global age-standardized TTH rates show a slight downward trend (net drift −0.056% per year), middle SDI regions exhibit a clear upward trend, with substantial increases across all burden indicators (prevalence, incidence, and YLDs) between 1990 and 2021.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.