highly significantp < 0.0001
These results indicate that the antibacterial effectiveness of SH and BF is preserved throughout the extraction process and their transformation into nanoparticles, with statistical analysis confirming highly significant differences in antimicrobial activity between sample types for both ( F (5,12) = 252.15, p < 0.0001) and ( F (5,12) = 108.81, p < 0.0001).