Caffeine Modulates Cell Death and Telomerase Activity in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells.

A high BAX/BCL2 ratio reflects an upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX alongside a reduction in the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 , shifting the balance toward cell death.At 10 mM caffeine, this pro-apoptotic effect becomes highly significant, with the BAX/BCL2 ratio approaching levels observed in doxorubicin-treated cells (~2.7-fold change), suggesting that caffeine at this concentration may mimic doxorubicin's cytotoxic effects through apoptosis induction.

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