Global burden of early-onset cardiovascular disease attributable to fine particulate matter pollution from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.

Although CVDs are more common among middle-aged and elderly individuals, there is an increasing trend in the prevalent CVD cases among those under 50 years of age (defined as early-onset CVD in the present study) [ 2 – 5 ].

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From 1990 to 2021, the burden of early-onset CVD attributable to total and household PM 2.5 pollution showed a decreasing trend in most countries globally, except some in Africa (Fig. 5 , Additional file 1: Figure S11).

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