Examining the interconnections among income, food prices, food insecurity, and health expenditure: a multicausality approach.

BMC Public Health · 2025 · PMC12351902 · PMID 40813665

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hedged sentences

0.0566

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0566

boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significancep = 0.0566so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

In this context, in the model that jointly considers GINI and FPI as causal variables ( p < 0.0001), GINI had a significant individual effect on FI ( p = 0.0486)*; however, contrary to our expectation of FPI being a mediator in the baseline model, we found that FPI did not have a statistically significant effect ( p = 0.0566; borderline significance).

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borderline significantno p-value reported

In contrast, food prices alone had a borderline significant effect.

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