The macrophage-intrinsic MDA5/IRF5 axis drives HIV-1 intron-containing RNA-induced inflammatory responses.

While knockdown of IRF3, IRF5, or IRF7 expression had no impact on the efficiency of infection establishment ( Figure 4E and Supplemental Figure 3I ), we observed significant downregulation in IP-10 expression upon IRF5 or IRF3 knockdown and a trend toward significance upon knockdown of IRF7 expression in HIV-infected MDMs ( Figure 4F and Supplemental Figure 3J ).

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