Magnetic Cilia with Programmable Beating Patterns for Vortex-Driven Mixing in Microfluidics.

Langmuir · 2025 · PMC12369015 · PMID 40739946

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Although an increasing trend was consistently observed across all modes, mode Δψ = 0 demonstrated a markedly higher mixing efficiency (84%) at 60 s compared to mode Δψ = +π/4 (75%) and mode Δψ = −π/4 (71%).

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