Novabeads: Stimuli-Responsive Signal-Amplifying Hydrogel Microparticles for Enzymeless Fluorescence-Based Detection of microRNA Biomarkers.

To quantify this enhancement in biofunctionalization efficiency, we introduced the functionalization factor (FF)–defined as the fluorescence intensity ratio of Novabeads to standard beads under alkaline conditions: (2) F u n c t i o n a l i z a t i o n F a c t o r = I N o v a b e a d _ a l k a l i n e I s t a n d a r d _ a l k a l i n e The FF was plotted against AA concentration (Figure 2E ), revealing an increasing trend reaching a maximum of ≈3 fold enhancement at the 20% AA condition.

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