borderline significantp < 0.001
Studies assessing environmental exposures (rodent presence, poor food storage, housing conditions) showed a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 2.18 (95% CI: 1.73–2.76, p = 0.40), while occupational exposures, such as working in healthcare or slaughterhouse settings, had a pooled OR of 1.29 (95% CI: 0.84–1.98, p = 0.05), also demonstrating a borderline significant association and demographic factors (age, gender) yielded a pooled OR of 1.13 (95% CI: 0.93–1.37, p < 0.001).