Habitat Loss and Other Threats to the Survival of <i>Parnassius apollo</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) in Serbia.

The results revealed highly significant differences across all variables: − Exposed soil was substantially lower at butterfly sites (mean: 3.72%) compared to non-butterfly sites (mean: 16.34%) ( U = 58, z = −5.36, p < 0.000001, r = −0.69); − Grass coverage was also significantly lower in butterfly habitats (mean: 9.00%) than in non-butterfly locations (mean: 39.89%) ( U = 42.5, z = −5.61, p < 0.000001, r = −0.72); − Shrub and tree cover was markedly higher in butterfly-inhabited sites (mean: 87.29%) relative to non-butterfly sites (mean: 44.03%) ( U = 779, z = +5.94, p < 0.000001, r = +0.77).

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