An Augmented Full-Body Model that Improves Upper Body Tracking and Reduces Dynamic Inconsistency in Complex Motion.

However, a recent review paper [ 42 ] suggested that the ratios of contribution actually have two distinct trends depending on the range of motion tested in the experiments: (1) a decreasing trend from upper to the lower portion of the lumbar spine when the tested flexion was under 45 degrees and (2) an increasing trend when the tested flexion was over 45 degrees.

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These studies showed a decreasing trend of ratios from L1–L2 to L5–S1 intervertebral joints, which suggests that the upper portion of the lumbar spine contributes more to torso flexion than the lower portion.

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