Regional biodiversity monitoring reveals severe population decline of the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) in Long Island Sound, USA.

An increasing proportion of females was observed in the Central Sound (R 2 = 0.512, F (df = 1; 20) = 21.01, p = 0.00018; in years prior to 2019, R 2 = 0.670, F (df = 1; 18) = 36.6, p < 0.0001) and a weak, marginally significant relationship was observed with time in Outer Norwalk Harbor (Fig. 4 ; R 2 = 0.154, F (df = 1; 17) = 3.102, p = 0.09616).

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However, when excluding the two most recent years included in the analysis from the Central Sound dataset (2021 and 2022), the estimated decline in count per trawl at that site became significant (slope (log scale) = − 0.041, t = − 2.343, p = 0.0202), indicating a decreasing trend over time apart from those recent years.

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