Human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in South Africa: a study of prevalence, co-infection, and risk factors.

Front Oncol · 2025 · PMC12399378 · PMID 40900778

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0500

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0500

boldest claim

The sentences

borderline significantp = 0.050actually significant

In the parsimonious model, HPV18 positivity remained borderline significant (adjusted OR = 4.17, 95% CI: 1.00–16.97; p = 0.050.

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a slight trendno p-value reported

The HPV 18 strain showed a slight trend towards predominance in esophageal tumors in HIV-positive people who also had HPV infection. 7 Future research Larger multicenter studies are required to evaluate HIV and HPV co-infection in ESCC, particularly in high-risk regions.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.