Transcriptome dynamics and allele-specific regulation underlie wheat heterosis at the anthesis and grain-filling stages.

:​​ The Red module displayed the greatest shift in ME value within hybrid BC98, changing from ME = 0.33 at the AN stage to ME=−0.27 at the GF stage (ΔME = 0.60), the largest ΔME observed among all modules; (3) ​​Significant Genotype × Developmental Stage interaction:​​ Multifactor ANOVA confirmed a highly significant interaction effect for both modules (Brown: F = 12.65, p < 0.001; Red: F = 8.96, p = 0.003), strongly linking their expression patterns to heterosis and developmental transition.

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