Mendelian randomization analysis of the association between vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia and the risk of developing lung disease.

The fixed-effects meta-analysis revealed no significant heterogeneity among the four datasets (k = 4), with highly significant negative effect size estimates.

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The positive results were further validated using robustly adjusted profile scoring (MR-RAPS) analysis, and the causal effect estimate for vitamin B12-deficiency anaemia on IPF was 0.163 (95% CI: −0.003 to 0.329, p = 0.054), suggesting that there may be a marginally significant positive association.

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