Cross-Trait Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Shared Genetic Risk Loci Between COPD and Five Autoimmune Diseases.

Replication in multi-ethnic cohorts is needed to assess the broader relevance of these findings.Second, although we applied rigorous multiple testing correction and multiple approaches (PLACO, CPASSOC) to detect pleiotropy, marginally significant loci may still be influenced by population-specific LD structure, weak cross-trait effects, or LD contamination.Third, the reliance on publicly available summary statistics may introduce heterogeneity due to differences in data quality, study designs, and analysis pipelines.

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