highly significantp < 0.01
Semi-quantitative analysis using the MOD value (ratio of IOD to Area) revealed that the gypenoside plus intranasal antigen group exhibited a highly significant increase in IgA-positive cell numbers compared to the control group ( p < 0.01, Figure 8 ). 4 Discussion Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is highly contagious and often breaks out successively in adjacent pig farms, causing catastrophic impacts on the region ( 13 , 14 ).