highly significantp < 0.01
This study demonstrated that citrus fruit quality was predominantly influenced by intercropping duration (years), key soil properties (pH and available potassium, AK), and specific soil microbial taxa ( Ascomycota , Acidobacteriota , and Proteobacteria ), exhibiting highly significant strong correlations (| ρ | ≥ 0.8, p < 0.01). 4 Discussion Cropping systems significantly influence orchard soil ecosystems by altering physical characteristics, chemical properties, and microbial communities—factors critically determining crop performance and quality ( Wang T. et al., 2022 ; Li C. et al., 2023 ; Duan et al., 2024 ).