highly significantp < 0.01
Establishment of Acute Cold Stress Model and Apoptosis Assessment After acute cold stress treatment, apoptosis rates, cold adaptation responses, and expression levels of apoptosis-related genes in BMECs were analyzed, with the following results: Annexin V-FITC assays revealed a highly significant increase in apoptosis rates at 4, 6, and 8 h post-cold stress compared to controls ( p < 0.01, Figure 1 A,B), with apoptosis severity escalating over time.