Effects of chromium propionate supplementation on production performance, blood parameters, ruminal fermentation indices, and microbial diversity in heat-stressed Holstein dairy cows.

( 55 ) the concentration of all VFAs in the control group had a decreasing trend ( p > 0.05), indicating that heat stress had an adverse effect on rumen fermentation process of dairy cows and reduced the production of all VFAs.

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Additionally, compared with the Con group, the Chao1, and Observed species indices showed an increasing trend with increasing CrPro supplementation levels, although differences were not significant ( p > 0.05).

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