Upper respiratory tract immunization with Pam<sub>2</sub>Cys-adjuvanted spike protein vaccine achieves sterilizing protection against SARS-CoV-2.

Front Immunol · 2025 · PMC12436419 · PMID 40963609

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a slight trendno p-value reported

Neither protocol of URT immunization stimulated significant cytokine-expressing T cells in the lungs, however there was a slight trend towards IL-17A expression after three URT immunizations ( Figure 5G ).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.

Upper respiratory tract immunization with Pam&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;Cys-adjuvanted spike protein vaccine achieves sterilizing protection against SARS-CoV-2.

The sentences

Upper respiratory tract immunization with Pam<sub>2</sub>Cys-adjuvanted spike protein vaccine achieves sterilizing protection against SARS-CoV-2.