The SOX9 intensity score demonstrated strong links with vascular invasion at levels 1–3 (β ═ −1.665, P ═ 0.0032) and 2–3 (β ═ −0.954, P ═ 0.0161), while showing borderline significance for perineural invasion (β ═ −0.931, P ═ 0.0791) and distant metastasis (β ═ −2.235, P ═ 0.0795).
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