Atrial fibrillation and flutter as global drivers of heart failure: Burden and longitudinal trends over three decades.

ESC Heart Fail · 2025 · PMC12450823 · PMID 40511537

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

Figure 5 illustrates the trends in age‐standardized prevalence and YLD rates of heart failure attributable to AF/AFL across 21 GBD regions from 1990 to 2021, generally showing an increasing trend with higher SDI levels.

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