Immunization route-mediated differences in long-term maturation of humoral immune response induced by adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V in nonhuman primates.

Front Immunol · 2025 · PMC12464043 · PMID 41019042

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

One distinctive observation in our study is the long-term persistence of anti-RBD IgG levels in NHP sera after IM (but not IN) vaccination, while in humans, vaccine-induced antigen-binding antibodies generally show a decreasing trend over time ( 7 ).

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