Circadian rhythmicity and biopsychosocial characteristics influence opioid use in chronic low back pain.

Pain rhythmicity is associated with reduced opioid use and antidepressants Opioid use was a common and highly significant factor when comparing the rhythmic↑ phenotype with all others (multinomial logistic regression [MLR] OR ≥ 3.2e+16, P < 0.0001, Figure 2 ; Fisher’s exact test: P = 0.008, Table 2 ).

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